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大學(xué)英語(yǔ)CET6聽(tīng)力檢測(cè)題
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part 1
Congress first dealt with issues of safety and health in the workplace in 1890, when legislation was passed for safety standards in coal mines. Over the next several decades, more complicated machinery and new chemicals entered the workplace yearly, posing new hazards to workers.
國(guó)會(huì)第一次處理職業(yè)安全與健康的問(wèn)題是在1890年，當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)會(huì)立法通過(guò)了煤礦安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在接下來(lái)的幾十年里，每年都有更復(fù)雜的機(jī)器和新化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入工作場(chǎng)所，給勞動(dòng)者帶來(lái)了新的危害。
By the late 1960s, an estimated 14,000 workers were dying on the job each year, and over 2 million were suffering disabling injuries from work-related accidents. For years business and labor groups wrangled over the need for federal legislation.
到20世紀(jì)60年代后期，據(jù)估計(jì)每年都有一萬(wàn)四千多名工人因工致死，還有超過(guò)兩百萬(wàn)工人因工受傷或致殘。多年來(lái)，工商界和勞動(dòng)團(tuán)體就聯(lián)邦立法的需要一直爭(zhēng)論不休。
Opinion in Congress was deeply split over what form legislation might take, but in 1970 Congress finally approved the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which would establish theOccupational Safety and Health Agency, or "OSHA." OSHA quickly became one of the federal government's most disliked agencies.
國(guó)會(huì)內(nèi)部在確定立法形式上發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重分歧，但最終于1970年批準(zhǔn)通過(guò)職業(yè)安全與健康條例，并依法成立了職業(yè)安全與健康署，即 OSHA。OSHA 很快就成為聯(lián)邦政府內(nèi)部最不受歡迎的部門(mén)之一。
Businesses complained that they faced scores of nit-picking rules, high compliance costs, andarbitrary inspections. In response, OSHA scaled back many of its original rules, and focusedits safety inspections on the most dangerous workplaces. Employment in the U.S. has more than doubled since the creation of OSHA, but during the same time period, occupational injury and illness rates declined 40 percent, and the number of workplace fatalities dropped by 60 percent.
企業(yè)們抱怨他們要面對(duì)大量挑剔的規(guī)則，高昂的成本以及****的.檢查。作為回應(yīng)，OSHA 縮減了原有規(guī)則的數(shù)量，將安檢力度集中在最危險(xiǎn)的工作崗位上。自從 OSHA 成立以來(lái)，美國(guó)就業(yè)人數(shù)翻了一番多。與此同時(shí)，因工受傷、患病的概率下降了40%，并且因公死亡事件降低了60%。
part 2
Overfishing Whales and the Environment
過(guò)度捕鯨與環(huán)境
Until recently, when scientists studied changes in open-ocean ecosystems, they looked at changes in the bottom of the food chain that gradually make their way to the top, like food shortages and shifts in the ocean environment. A recent study, however, suggests that more attention needs to be given to top-down influences as well.
直到最近，當(dāng)科學(xué)家們?cè)谘芯窟h(yuǎn)洋地區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的變化時(shí)，他們觀察了處于食物鏈最底層并且在慢慢上升的(生物)變化，比如說(shuō)食物短缺、海洋環(huán)境的變化。然而，最近的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，人們還應(yīng)該更多的注意(食物鏈)自上而下的影響。
For example, over the past few decades, there's been a major collapse of the populations ofharbor seals, fur seals, sea lions, and sea otters living on the coasts of western Alaska. Now a new study suggests that all this destruction can be traced back to humans overfishing sperm and baleen whales between 1946 and 1979.
比方說(shuō)，在過(guò)去的幾十年里，生活在阿拉斯加西海岸的斑海豹、海狗、海獅和海獺數(shù)量極具下降�，F(xiàn)在，一項(xiàng)新的調(diào)查顯示，所有的這些毀壞都可以歸咎于人類(lèi)在1946年到1979年期間過(guò)度捕撈抹香鯨和須鯨。
Killer whales, who live at the top of the ocean food chain, used to prey on sperm and baleen whales. When these were no longer available, the killer whales were forced to fish farther down the food chain. First they fed on seals, which were the easiest to catch and the most nutritionallyvaluable.
虎鯨是在海洋食物鏈的最高層，它習(xí)慣于捕食抹香鯨和須鯨。當(dāng)虎鯨不能再捕食它們的'時(shí)候，它就被迫捕食處于更下一層的食物鏈(的生物)。她們先捕食的是最容易捕捉且最有營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的海豹。
Then, when seals became rare, the killer whales turned to sea lions. When the sea lionpopulation crashed, they started fishing sea otters. The domino effect reaches even farther. Without sea otters keeping sea urchins in check, their population has exploded. And they've destroyed the kelp forests, and with it, the kelp forest ecosystem in southwestern Alaska.
接著，當(dāng)海豹變得稀少后，虎鯨便轉(zhuǎn)向了海獅。而又當(dāng)海獅的數(shù)量變少后，虎鯨又開(kāi)始獵殺海獺了。多米諾效應(yīng)又繼續(xù)延伸。沒(méi)了海獺約束海膽，海膽的數(shù)量變得龐大起來(lái)。并且破壞阿拉斯加啊西南部的海藻林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。
Animals switching food sources can have a very serious effect on the environment. And that we humans, as the ultimate predators, need to give a lot of thought to the choices we make. They may affect the food web in unintended ways.
動(dòng)物間交換食物來(lái)源對(duì)環(huán)境有著很?chē)?yán)重的影響。而作為終極捕食者，人類(lèi)需要好好思考一下他們所做的選擇。(因?yàn)?這些選擇可能會(huì)以人們所不知道的方式來(lái)影響食物網(wǎng)。
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