英語(yǔ)閱讀難句分析之定語(yǔ)從句
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英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)有很大的不同。漢語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)只能前置，而英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)既可前置也可后置。兩者的不同，不僅表現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上，也表現(xiàn)在意義上。英語(yǔ)中的定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)從原因、結(jié)果、目的或條件等方面對(duì)中心詞加以限定。因此，在對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯關(guān)系深刻理解的前提下，為了更明確地表明這種邏輯關(guān)系，可以將定語(yǔ)從句翻譯成相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。同時(shí)值得注意的是，定語(yǔ)從句與中心詞之間常有分割成分，而該分割成分中與定語(yǔ)從句緊挨著的名詞，常常會(huì)被誤認(rèn)為定語(yǔ)從句的中心詞。
因此，遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu)，一定要根據(jù)上下文和常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷。翻譯定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可采用提前譯、順序譯、分譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯等多種方法。
1. As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerfulresistanceto further investigation;in some cases centurieselapsedbefore this resistance was eventually broken down,as happened incosmology,for example.
第一層：As far as the third factor is concerned ,狀語(yǔ)從句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 謂 many 定 instances 賓 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定語(yǔ)從句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 狀 centuries 主 elapsed 謂 before this resistance was eventually broken down,as 狀語(yǔ)從句2 happened in cosmology,for example.
第二層： （狀語(yǔ)從句1） As far as 引 the third factor 主語(yǔ) is 系 concerned 表語(yǔ)（定語(yǔ)從句） in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 謂 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 狀 sistance to further investigation（狀語(yǔ)從句2） before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 狀 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology，for example 定語(yǔ)從句
第三層： （定語(yǔ)從句） as 引 happened 謂 in cosmology,狀 for example. 插入語(yǔ)
要點(diǎn)本句由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成，以分號(hào)連接。第一個(gè)分句的主干為the history of science shows many instances，in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾instances，such ……as ……表結(jié)果，后接不定式；在第二個(gè)分句中，before 引出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：before this resistance was eventually broken down；代詞as在此是關(guān)系代詞，引出定語(yǔ)從句：as happened in cosmology。resistance：抵抗（力）；阻力。cosmology：宇宙論，宇宙哲學(xué)。
譯文至于第三個(gè)因素，科學(xué)史中有許多事例表明，權(quán)威的力量起到這樣一種作用：它給進(jìn)一步的研究設(shè)置了一道極其牢固的障礙；在許多情況下，要花上幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間才能最終打破這道障礙。例如，在宇宙學(xué)中就發(fā)生過這樣的事。
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are manystimuliwhich develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第一層： Behaviorists 主 suggest 謂 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 賓語(yǔ)從句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第二層：（賓語(yǔ)從句） that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定語(yǔ)從句for appropriate responses will experience 謂 greater intellectual 定 development. 賓
第三層：（定語(yǔ)從句） who 引 is raised 謂 in an environment 狀 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for 定語(yǔ)從句appropriate responses
第四層：（定語(yǔ)從句） where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定語(yǔ)從句
第五層：（定語(yǔ)從句） which 引 develop 謂 his or her 定 capacity 賓 for appropriate 定 responses
要點(diǎn)根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系可以看出，本句中suggest的詞義不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind,所以翻譯為…的看法是。who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾child，根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，翻譯成條件句；where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾 environment,用合譯法譯出；which引導(dǎo)的從句修飾stimuli,用分譯法進(jìn)行翻譯。appropriate：適合的，相稱的。
譯文行為主義者的看法是，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激因素的環(huán)境里長(zhǎng)大，而這些刺激因素能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力，那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更好的智力發(fā)展。
3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managedindustrialismin whichmaximalproduction and consumption are ends in themselves into ahumanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.
要點(diǎn)本句為含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞suggest可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。而賓語(yǔ)中的transform一詞常用在transform sth. from …… into……結(jié)構(gòu)中，譯為“把…從…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤�。句中兩個(gè)in which分別修飾其先行詞industrialism，翻譯時(shí)宜采用前置法。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的those of love and of reason為potentialities一詞的`同位語(yǔ)。
譯文我建議把我們的社會(huì)制度從以最大限度的生產(chǎn)和最大限度的消費(fèi)為目的的管理下的產(chǎn)業(yè)體制轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋�(gè)充分發(fā)揮人的潛能——即愛和理智的潛能——為其全部社會(huì)工作之目的的人道主義產(chǎn)業(yè)體制。
4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of theirrankor viewpoint.
要點(diǎn)本句中who……，who……，on whose……，who……四個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句并列，共同修飾中心詞people。
譯文肯尼迪總統(tǒng)需要提問題的人、能提批評(píng)意見的人、做出可靠判斷的人以及能提出明智看法的人，而不問他們的級(jí)別和觀點(diǎn)。
5. In the soap war between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever,tremendoususe is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from theproportionalallocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.
要點(diǎn)此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，但主句很簡(jiǎn)單，主語(yǔ)為use，謂語(yǔ)為is made.主句正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)閠remendous use of statistics is made to……， to measure……作目的狀語(yǔ)，resulting from……為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作difference的后置定語(yǔ)。which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾allocation to advertising.so that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。plus為介詞，意為“加上”。soap war 為“肥皂廣告大戰(zhàn)”。
譯文在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever兩家企業(yè)之間的“肥皂大戰(zhàn)”中，雙方就大量使用了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)來(lái)測(cè)量由相應(yīng)的廣告投入所引起的市場(chǎng)上的動(dòng)態(tài)差異，這一項(xiàng)在前的生產(chǎn)成本中占較大部分，所以他們把生產(chǎn)成本看作是生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用與廣告費(fèi)用之和。
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